High performance ceramic with resistance

For many people in Shenzhen proppant sand manufacturers for better understanding , knowing that it's a relatively high resistance to height , but the effect is very good , with the changing times , many people will soon be welcomed and approved unanimously . natural gas fracturing Often in the areas of high temperature ceramic in Shenzhen . Are generally well divided according to the size of the ceramic and pottery Sand said . Shenzhen is often a ceramic high -temperature -resistant properties . Are used in the building up of continuous light by the ceramic itself Shenzhen not only a good high temperature resistance and can be continuously reduced by a construction of our own weight effect. At the same situation a seismic performance is also very good. For ceramic concrete construction of adaptability is often compared to strong. We can compare with a good renovation bond late . It should be said , and said local role in highway and other high-temperature room .

Water-based fracturing fluid in water as a solvent or dispersion medium

Water-based fracturing fluid in hydraulic fracturing as a solvent or dispersion medium, to join the thickener's, additives. Mainly adopts three kinds of water-soluble polymer as the viscosifier, namely plant gum (melon glue, sesbania, konjac, etc.), cellulose derivatives and synthetic polymers. Several polymer swelling into sol in water, the formation of high viscosity gel after crosslinking. With high viscosity and suspended sand ability, low fluid loss, and low friction. Use of water-based fracturing fluid at home and abroad in the following several types: natural plant gum fracturing fluid, containing such as cluster and its derivatives hydroxypropyl melon glue, hydroxypropyl carboxymethyl melon glue, delay hydration hydroxypropyl melon glue; Polysaccharide has a half milk mannose glue, such as field of wellknown and its derivatives, glucomannans glucose glue; Cellulose fracturing fluid, including such as carboxymethyl cellulose, proppant sand manufacturers  carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, etc.; Synthetic polymer fracturing fluid containing such as polyacrylamide, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, methylene polyacrylamide and its copolymers.

Our ceramic proppant market characteristics analysis of an industry

Our ceramic proppant market characteristics analysis of an industry, ceramic proppant market prospects of China's reserves of oil and gas reserves in low permeability, so we need to improve this part of the oil and gas reserves of oil (gas) index, the most effective natural gas fracking method is to apply water beat bifida transformation reservoirs, enhanced oil recovery (gas) index, thereby improving well production, and can increase 2-3 times, and some more. Proppant is used in hydraulic fracturing fracturing produces hydraulic fracture filling, making it no longer closed again, and forms a flow channel having a high conductivity. This method can effectively increase production, CNPC fracturing year yield had reached 10 million tons / year, the current annual yield of about also 600-7000000 tons / year.Because hydraulic fracturing can bring such a good economic hydraulic fracturing benefits for oil, so oil fishes used in hydraulic fracturing proppant very seriously. Features artificial ceramic proppant is a high strength at high pressure can be closed to maintain a high conductivity.

Ceramic proppant industry development process

Ceramic proppant by anti-crushing strength can be divided into: 52Mpa, 69Mpa, 86Mpa, 102Mpa several. Downstream customers can choose products according to different intensity levels and measure the resin coated ceramic proppant depth of closure pressure of oil and gas. But Chinese enterprises ceramic proppant to the majority of low intensity, with the amount of oil and gas continues to expand, low permeability mine (3000 ~ 6000m) gradually increased, high-strength oil fracturing proppant requirements is growing.It is estimated that the annual investment in the future of the national petrochemical equipment will reach 500 billion yuan, is expected during the "Eleventh Five-Year", petrochemical special needs of millions of tons of oil natural gas fracking proppant, investment of about a thousand billion. Ceramic proppant which reach several hundred thousand tons, about 30% of the total demand. The rapid development of China's national economy continued to promote the growth of oil and gas and petrochemical industrial fixed assets investment.

Ceramic proppants suit different design requirements for the well

Ceramic proppant particle size to meet the design requirements of the different wells, usually 0.4-0.8mm, roundness and sphericity of greater than 0.9, and particle uniformity, smooth surface, the haze high crush proppants vvalue should be less than 1000, in order to obtain the highest possible diversion capacity. 4, ceramic proppant particles under conditions of a temperature of 200 ℃, the fracturing fluid and the reservoir fluid is not a chemical effect, the solubility of the acid should be less than the maximum allowable value of 7%. Ceramic proppant oil, a key material of low permeability gas exploration fracturing oil and gas wells, in addition, in the construction industry is also widely used as a lightweight ceramic filler. Products resin coated ceramic proppant used in deep fracturing, it will be filled to its low permeability gap Iwaya deposits, high closed fracturing treatment, the oil and gas formations crack, crack is not due to play a supporting stress release and closed, thereby maintaining oil and gas high flow capacity, not only to increase oil and gas production, and can extend the service life of oil and gas wells.

Ceramic proppants But this bulb there is a serious drawback

Development of tungsten industry from the outset with the light bulb industry closely linked. In 1878, Edison (T.A.Edison) invented the carbon filament light bulbs.
But this bulb there is a serious drawback, ceramic proppants mainly life is too short. Nearly 20 years later (1897), osmium carbon filament yarn and tantalum wire was replaced, but the Os, Ta melting
Points lower, and thus low operating temperature and light effects.
1879 Edison carbon filament probation and hundreds of hours of use. Although the "carbon" has a high melting point (3550 ℃), but it has a low "sublimation"
Temperature. Sublimation at low temperatures directly from solid to gaseous state, making it easy to consume, life is short. And must be completely isolated from the air (will burn in air)
. A melting point of almost all the current (3410 ℃) tungsten wire, the advantage of lower melting point which is lower than the "sublimation" rate. Can be heated to a higher "carbon
Silk "higher temperatures. Tungsten same will burn in air, requiring bulbs evacuated.
To prevent sublimation of the filament within the lamp contains an inert gas such as argon gas is mainly (argon) and does not contain oxygen. So that part of the gas by collision
Of tungsten atoms can return to the filament. Although the inert gas increases the service life of the filament, but also paid a price. Since the original vacuum bulb
The increased presence of an inert gas heat conduction and convection, the energy away, so reducing the equilibrium temperature. Sublimation gas tungsten inert gas formed in the weak
The particles can also be formed on the surface convection within the lamp black spots.
In 1903, according to Jay zafirlukast resin coated frac sand (A.Just) and Hannah door (F.Hannaman) patents, Hungary for the first time to create a tungsten filament. It is the freedom of hydrogen containing carbon filament
Tungsten oxyhalide steam heated to a high temperature by the current, the carbon is completely replaced by tungsten. Incandescent filaments thus obtained contain more or less of carbon, not brittle
Very serious, and when using the lamp filament continuously densified filament thus vary the electrical parameters.
In 1904, Jay Sterling and Hannah door recognize the impact of carbon on the brittle carbon compounds mixed binder and tungsten, and then extruded into filaments, and then in hydrogen
Reduction by heating the metal. Tungsten prepared in this way is very brittle, but because it is a much better light efficiency, or to replace the carbon filament, osmium and tantalum wire filament lamp used for the production
Bubble.
Preparation of these methods are not fine tungsten wire. To solve this problem, in 1907, a low nickel content of tungsten alloy available, it is through machining methods
Prepared, but it is seriously hampered the application of brittleness. Until 1909, Coolidge (w.D.Coolidge) General Electric Company by powder metallurgy
Legal tungsten billet was then produced by machining ductile tungsten filament at room temperature, thereby laying the foundation for tungsten processing industry, but also laid the powder metallurgy
Foundation.
However, this "ductility" tungsten filament light bulb lit after showed significant brittleness. In 1913, Ping Qi (Pintsch) invented the thorium tungsten wire (ThO2 content of 1% to
2%), so that the incandescent lamp is greatly reduced brittleness. Initially, the filament sag (see anti-sag tungsten performance) is not a problem, because the filament
Straight wire, but after 1913, Langmuir (Langmuir) will be replaced by straight wire spiral wire, so that when the lamp, high operating temperature and weight to make the role of
Filament sag, so pure tungsten and tungsten thorium are difficult to meet the requirements.
In order to solve the short life tungsten sagging and other issues, in 1917, Perth (A.Pacz) invented the high temperature "deformation" of the tungsten filament. At first, he was in the preparation of pure tungsten

When using a refractory crucible roasting WO3, WO3 restore accidentally discovered this tungsten spiral made of tungsten powder resulting abnormal mysteriously re-crystallized by no sagging. Follow
Later, after 218 repeated experiments, he finally found that the addition of potassium and sodium silicate in tungstate (WO3 · H2O), after reduction, pressing, sintering, machining
And other prepared tungsten wire, after a fairly coarse recrystallized grain structure, neither soft and anti-sagging, this is the first non-sag tungsten wire. Perth found no fewer than laid
Vertical tungsten high crush proppants production base, now called the United States still does not sag tungsten as "218 tungsten wire", to commemorate this major discovery Perth.

Ceramic proppant " sneak " the U.S. market

In recent years, the success of the U.S. shale oil and gas development , not only triggered a boom in exploration and development of shale gas resources worldwide , and many small manufacturing companies in China to create a great business opportunity.

Over the past three years , China 's hydraulic fracturing  manufactured good support for its ability to gradually replace conventional proppant sand, into the U.S. market . So far, the Chinese -made ceramic proppant ceramic proppant has occupied the entire North American market share of 13% , the average annual business volume of $ 3 billion .

Shale oil and gas development is inseparable from the application of hydraulic fracturing , and hydraulic fracturing technology is the most important material is proppant . The purpose of the proppant in the oil pressure to open the high-pressure water layer prop open the crack pressure , so that the gas flows out .
In the past, U.S. companies used to make sand proppant . However, due to the sand into the deep well pump after easily crushed under high pressure formations , so more and more companies do tend to use oil fracturing proppant  . But for those companies ( sand only 40 cents / lb ) are not willing to pay $ 4 / pound ceramic is concerned, more economical option is to use the child 's performance is better than conventional silica sand resin coating sand . As the number of drilling in North Dakota 's growing demand for sand is also increasing day by day , even from the state of Wisconsin and Minnesota looking for sand sources.

Since 2009 , North American demand for proppant almost tripled , as more and more companies are using multi- stage hydraulic fracturing , proppant demand grew by 10% to 15 %. Ceramic proppant with drilling companies need quality : size uniformity , chemical stability , high temperature high pressure , combined with good compatibility with sand , flowback easy to like. The main thing is not to deform under high pressure deep well , extend the productive life of oil and gas wells .
On the North Dakota prairie , the development of the Bakken Shale oil is very hot, the night from a satellite photo taken on the United States as evidenced by the recent North Dakota Bakken core group had deserted zone , night lights, no less bustling city . The state in October 2011 reached 48.8 million barrels of oil per day , sometimes a well requires 1,500 tons of sand and other proppants , of which ceramic proppant proportion reached 30%. Well here is often a depth of 10,000 to 12,000 feet , it is proppant best useless.
Over the past two years, the price increase is a large
resin coated ceramic proppant  , the U.S. domestic manufacturers have begun struggling to regain market . But with the rise of the Chinese domestic shale gas exploration and development , China 's ceramic proppant seem to have to worry about sales. In addition, the U.S. shale oil and gas development in the ascendant , from Ohio to Texas , shale oil and gas well drilling are heating up , the demand for ceramic proppant great , price increases have a certain tolerance.
Ceramic proppant production inputs is small, but highly profitable , Chinese proppant manufacturer's advantage lies in cheap local bauxite , bauxite is an important raw material for the production of ceramic .
Chinese proppant manufacturers sell their products directly to the Chinese oil service companies, such as Halliburton , Baker Hughes , Schlumberger , or through import and export companies , packaging will be shipped to the U.S. West Coast port their number , such as Long Beach , California or Seattle , Washington , and then transported by train in North Dakota and other places. According to North Dakota 's largest rail operator BSNF forecasts, ceramic proppant volume could double in 2012 .
A few months ago , North Dakota imported from China ceramic proppant ceramic production over the United States 20% cheaper . This difference has recently begun to shrink , with some of the middlemen involved in the future will further narrow the gap .
Since China began to develop its own shale oil and gas resources , the price advantage will be further weakened proppant . Recently, the China Petroleum and Shell to develop shale gas in Sichuan project progress , which means that China began commercial development of shale gas . Furthermore, the increase in production costs in emerging economies will also push up the price of proppant . Over the past two years , the price of Chinese ceramic proppant higher level rose by 60 % to $ 800 / ton. China will also exacerbate the current inflation proppant prices.
Nevertheless, the huge demand for North American ceramic proppant will provide enough space for all maneuvers . Chinese proppant company listed on the New York Stock Exchange , as long as oil and gas to maintain a certain price, they produce ceramic proppant on marketable .
Undoubtedly, prosperity proppant industry is another signal of U.S. shale gas development to the global spread of heat .

Fracturing fluid properties and classification

Provides a means of hydraulic fracturing fluid fracturing operations , but in the factors affecting the success of the fracturing , fracturing fluid and its performance is extremely important. For large-scale fracturing , this factor is even more prominent. The purpose of the Hydraulic Fracturing Proppants fluid has two aspects : one is to provide sufficient viscosity so as to extend the use of hydraulic fractures wedge role in the formation and cracks along the transportation and laying of proppant ; After the addition is completed fracturing , fracturing rapid chemical decomposition of broken plastic liquid to a low viscosity , to ensure the majority of the fracturing fluid is discharged back to the ground in order to purify the cracks.

Fracturing fluid is a general term , the resin coated silica sand process, the fracturing fluid injection wells have their effect at different stages , it can be divided into:
( 1 ) Pre- solution: its role is to rupture and cause cracks in the formation of a certain geometry , but also play a role in cooling . In order to improve its efficiency , especially for high- permeability layer , pre- liquid fluid loss additive to be added , add sand or ceramic powder (particle size of 100 to 320 mesh , sand ratio of about 10% ) or 5% of diesel , plug formation of tiny cracks and reduce liquid filtration .

( 2 ) sand-carrying fluid: it acts as a proppant ( typically ceramic or quartz sand ) on the sand into the fracture and the effect on the predetermined position . The total amount of fracturing fluid , the proportion of which accounts for a large part . Carrying sand fracturing fluid and other fluid , like sewing and cooling has made the role of the formation .
( 3 ) the replacement fluid: its role is to bring sand in the wellbore fluid into the cracks for all .
Depending on the different stages of the design requirements and the fracturing process , the fracturing fluid may be used in a construction of a liquid containing various additives . For the vast majority of the total amount of liquid fluid and sand carrying fluid front , should have a certain force and to create cracks in the wall joints and cracks after fracturing sand filling has sufficient conductivity . So they must have the following properties:
① filtration small . This is made long slit , slit width important performance . Fracturing fluid filtration , primarily depends on its viscosity, formation fluid properties with walls made of fracturing fluids , high viscosity fluid loss is small . Add in the fracturing fluid fluid loss agent can greatly improve build walls to reduce fluid loss . When fracturing , requiring pre- liquid , liquid integrated carrying sand filtration coefficient ≤ 1 × 10-3m/min1/2.
② suspended sand ability. The ability of suspended sand fracturing fluid mainly depends on its viscosity. As long as the fracturing fluid has a higher viscosity, in which the sand can be suspended , in which the distribution of sand seam is very advantageous. However, the viscosity is not too high , if the viscosity of the fracturing fluid is too high, the height of large cracks , is not conducive to produce a wide and long cracks. The viscosity of the fracturing fluid is generally considered as 50 ~ 150mPa · s suitable. Table 3-1 visible liquid viscosity directly affects the size of sand settling velocity .